Word Formation Processes Research Articles

Anglicyzmy w konfrontatywnym nauczaniu języka rosyjskiego

Russian language acquisition by Polish students is understood as effective and appropriate interaction in various conversational situations. This requires specific habits in the use of the contemporary Russian linguistic system. The use of a language can be examined in a natural communicative situation, which needs informal, spoken language. The usage of English loanwords in spoken Polish and Russian is frequent, which is why the characteristics of spoken language in contemporary spoken Russian and Polish needs to be examined. Research conducted on a group of Polish, Russian, Belorussian and Ukrainian Youtubers shows that their speech contains some specific derivatives which are characteristic of colloquial Russian and Polish. It also contains groups of English loanwords: assimilated nouns, verb and adjective derivatives with productive suffixes. The study shows that English loanword adaptation differs in Polish and Russian, which reveals system differences between two related languages. Comparison of the most productive word formation processes in Russian and Polish can help to overcome language interference and improve the teaching of Russian to Polish students in general.

A corpus-based study of word-formation creativity in Facebook Philippine English

<span lang="EN-US">This paper is a study of English as a second language (ESL) teachers’ and students’ newly coined Facebook (FB) lexical items and expressions. It presents sample FB Philippine English (PhilE) words found in ESL teachers’ and students’ FB posts and messages and the formation mechanisms evident in the lexical items. The lexical items are culled from the researchers-built 50,000-word corpus of FB and FB Messenger conversations posted and sent by the mentioned texts’ contributors from the last quarter of 2016 to 2022. The PhilE neologisms are identified from their surrounding English lexical items and analyzed based on a proposed framework for PhilE word-formation processes, and ESL Englishes well-motivated innovations and criteria in standardizing its usages. Data analysis reveals over a hundred PhilE lexical items that are coined through the analytical frameworks used with the present paper’s additional proposed processes for FB lexical formation, hypocoristic extension, and anagrammatic transposition or backward spelling. The lexical items, in general, are colloquial, marking the informality of the FB PhilE register, although written in English. In terms of lexicon, it is advanced that FB English in the country is a variety of Internet PhilE, which should be taught in Sociolinguistics and ESL classrooms.</span>

Cognitive-Communicative Approach to the Word-Formation Nests and Subnests

The article is about correlation of the semantics of a polysemantic base word and the semantics of its derivatives within а word-formation nest. Special emphasis is paid to the processes of Russian word-formation, according to which derivatives are distributed in the word-formation nest. A word-formation nest is considered to be a cognitive-communicative unit of language consciousness with sub-nests which interprets separate fragments of reality.

Morphology and semantics of derivational metaphors in Spanish media discourse

The cognitive and pragmatic potential of derivational metaphorical nominations, actively used in the Spanish media discourse, represent a relevant direction of Discursive and Cognitive re-search that requires scientific comprehension.The article is devoted to the study of the linguo-cognitive specificity of derivational metaphors that verbalize new meanings, name new realities and frequently function as nomination-neologisms or occasionalisms. Derivational metaphors perform a pragmatic function, broadcasting an intentionally conditioned vision of the world in modern Spanish media discourse, and implement the intentional and evaluative discourse pragmatics. The objective of the study is to consider the morphosemantics of derivational metaphors and analyse the most frequent word-forming productive models of metaphorical nominations in Spanish media discourse.An integral methodological approach is used to the study of word-formation discursive metaphors, which combines contextual, semantic, interpretive and stylistic analysis methodologically opening up the possibility of a systemic study of the linguo-pragmatics of derivative metaphorical nominations that function in the Spanish media discourse. The most productive morphosemantic models of word formation for creating metaphorical concepts in the Spanish media space are affixation (prefixation and suffixation as well as their combination) and word compounding.The cognitive approach to the study of derivational metaphors through the prism of onomasiological theory allows one to interpret the process of word formation as a way of translating cognitive attitudes and meanings. The metaphorical meaning is generated by a derivational act. The morphological structure of a word change is not identical to the sum of the meanings of the derivational components involved in the creation of a new metaphor. In the discursive space the associative potential relative to the basic meaning of affixes or root morphemes in compound words brings a number of interpretations that vary the metaphorical rethinking of their semantics and integrate axiological evaluation.The discursive role of word-formation metaphors, which have an evaluative potential, lies in the implementation of the pragmatic function of updating meanings, aimed at influencing the consciousness and behaviour of the target audience.

ENGLISH WORD FORMATION ON THE INTERNET

This paper examines the processes of word-formation in English on the Internet. More specifically, the present paper provides an overview of newly formed words in the context of Internet communication, their categorisation, coupled with analysis and discussion with a view to determining which (if any) word formation processes have been employed in the process of their creation. The paper attempts to capture the current trends of the English language used in popular areas of Internet interactions. The theoretical preliminaries have been divided into two distinct parts - the first half which presents general notions related to internet communication while in the second one the theory behind word-formation processes is presented in order to enable its application to the corpus originating from Internet data used in this study. As for the corpus and methodology in the study, the selected terms and expressions were extracted from various online sources (forum posts, chat logs or game screenshots) and analysed in order to determine which word-formation process they belong to. Hence the sections on abbreviations and acronyms, clips, conversions, compounds and blends, as the most productive word formation processes observed in the study. The study also looks at the popular notions of blog and tweet, as well as a particular focus on leetspeak which deals with words falling into this category but are formed via many different processes. The final section of the paper provides a summary of the findings and a conclusion to the inquiry into the nature of word-formation on the internet.

English Inflectional Morpheme: Drill to Word Formation

It was found out that the students have difficulties in differentiating English inflectional morpheme, that is suffix /-es/ and /-s/, to indicate tense for verbs, and plurality for nouns. Other inflectional suffix to mention is /-ing/, /-ed/, /-d/, /-er/, and /-est/. The objective of this study is to improve students comprehension on inflectional affixation as one of word formation processes by implementing drill technique that is extended drill, or substitution drill. The drill was supported with practicing inductive and deductive approach. The drill and the approach were administered during two cycles of classroom action research. The participant of the research was 86 students taking the subject of Introduction to English Linguistics. This study found out that the students comprehension on inflectional affixation of word formation improved gradually from cycle 1 to cycle 2 because of the implementation of the substitution drill that alternately practicing inductive and deductive approach.

Kokborok: A Study of Kokborok Grammar

The study aims at focusing the process of word formation and its structural feature of Kokborok language. The method of analysis is structural. Analysis is having been done from a structural point of view

Cognatic portrait of the indigenous languages of Tabuk City, Kalinga, Philippines

Tabuk City in Kalinga, Philippines is a melting pot of diverse ethnolinguistic groups. Kalinga alone is known for its unique 46 ethnic groups, which include nine (9) in the locale of Tabuk City - Biga, Culminga, Dallak, Ga’dang, Guilayon, Malbong, Minanga, Nanong, and Tobog. Observations tell that these indigenous languages profess similarities that members of these groups do understand each other though they make use of their own indigenous language. 
 Hence, the study aimed to portray the linguistic cognates among the indigenous languages in Tabuk City, Kalinga. Specifically, the study found that there are cognates among the indigenous languages in Tabuk City as to lexical, morphological, and syntactic features. As to lexical features, there are cognates in the categories of counting numbers, pronouns, body parts, living things, and non-living things. On morphological features, there are cognates as to word formation processes, while as to syntactic features, cognates are found in the resemblances in sentence structures among the identified indigenous languages. Significantly, the study provides reference material for Mother-tongue teachers in teaching indigenous languages.
 Finally, the study illustrates in a cognate map that Malbong, Nanong, Minanga, and Tobog indigenous languages denote higher resemblances as compared to the cognates among Biga, Culminga, Dallak, Guilayon, and Ga’dang.

The Analysis of Word Formation Processes in CNN News Political Articles

Morphological analysis typically consists of the identification of parts of words or more technically, constituents of words. The purpose of this research is to classify and analyze the process of word formation, especially derivational morphemes in political articles posted on the CNN News online news platform. The researcher used a qualitative research method. Data collecting technique used was observation. The results of the analysis were explained in detail. Results of the analysis was 11 suffixes found that classified as adjective derivation, 15 suffixes were identified as noun derivation, 5 suffixes was classified as verb derivation, and affixes that have function to change the meaning of word was 16 prefixes and 5 suffixes. The highest number of affixes found was affixes that have function to change the meaning of word. It meant that it prefer to use simple and effective words to make the readers easy to understand and more interested in reading another news in CNN News especially political articles.

The Analysis of Word Formation Process in Song Album “Traumazine” by Megan Thee Stallion

Songs can be used to express ideas or emotions, or even as a way for people to communicate with one another. One area of linguistics, morphology, deals with how language structure might be used to analyze meanings or feelings in song lyrics. In this study, the word formation process for the song Megan Thee Stallion from the album “Traumazine” will be analyze. Descriptive research is the qualitative method employed in this study. The word formation hypothesis of George Yule (2019) is used by the researcher. The 18 songs on Megan Thee Stallion’s album “Traumazine” provided the source of the data used in this research. The “traumazine” album by Megan Thee Stallion contains 8 of the 14 different kinds of word formation process that were examined in this study. This study discovered 34 data on word formation process. There are three data from borrowing, seven from ccompounding, three from blending, ten from clipping, one each from hypocorisms and backformation, eight from acronyms, and one from multiple processes. Based on the findings, Megan Thee Stallion’s song albu ‘Traumazine” most dominantly uses the clipping process to create words

OPTIMIZING THE USE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS IN THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING IN THE ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY SUBJECT

The purposes of this research are to (1) determine students' abilities in using word formation by using authentic materials provided. The instrument used to determine the student's abilities is MAT (Morphological Awareness Test); and (2) to determine the type and process of word formation contained in the authentic materials. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The results of this research, based on the MAT used, showed that the students’ understanding towards word formation process increased with the mean score was 83,26.  Meanwhile, the types of word formation found in the authentic materials were compounding, derivation, inflection, conversion, abbreviation, back formation, and initialism.

Some Notes on Indonesian Word Formation: A Study Based on the Derivational Morphology Approach

This study aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the complex process of word formation in the Indonesian language using the principles of derivational morphology. The study examined the intricate mechanisms of creating new words and highlighted the various processes and patterns that contributed to forming new lexemes. By extensively categorizing and analyzing the different types of derivational affixes and their roles in generating words, this investigation aimed to contribute to a deeper understanding of the Indonesian language and its linguistic evolution. The findings showed (1) the intricate details regarding the changes in the use of affixes such as in prefix {di-} and colloquial suffix {al-}, the semantic transformation of words such as the words that were marked by prefix {per-}, and how societal attitudes and perceptions had influenced language evolution such as in colloquial suffix {-ken} despite the standard suffix {-kan}; and (2) the functions and communicative effectiveness of derived lexemes in the Indonesian language had revealed that they played a crucial role in communication by contributing to discourse cohesion such as in the form of {seru} and {menarik}. The results of this study were expected to shed new light on the underlying mechanisms of word formation in the Indonesian language and provide a valuable reference for linguists and language researchers to explore the nuances of this language further.

Word formation process in the modern Azerbaijani language

Word formation process in the modern Azerbaijani language

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN SNOW WHITE AND THE SEVEN DWARFS STORY

This research discusses an analysis of the use of word formation in Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs Story. The aims of this research are to find out types of the word formation process in the text. writer. The writer uses classified the data analysis method. To examine the data, researchers used a descriptive qualitative approach. In this research, the researcher collects the data sources from narrative texts that have word formation processes in them. in collecting the data, in this study the researchers will use primary data. The primary data contains data obtained directly by observing or observing the data source. Based on the theories provided, the data are analyzed one by one to know the types of the word formation in Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs Story. Based on the finding and discussion that answered to first problem questions above the researcher were found 84 data of word formation process in Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs Story. There were 42 data of Verb Inflection or 50%, Derivational of Adjective 17 data or 20%, Compounding Word 11 data or 13%, Derivational of Noun 4 data or 5%, Derivational of Verb 2 data or 2%, Derivational of Number 1 data or 1,1%, and there were 0 data of Inflectional of Adjective and Inflectional of Adverb. In this research the word formation process most used was Verb Inflection.

Word compounding as a morphological process in Efik language

This study was carried out to examine Word Compounding as a morphological process in Efik Language. Compounding is a word formation process based on the combination of lexical elements. Words can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound words are words formed through one of the word formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This research work investigates to know how compound words are formed in Efik language. This work describes the forms of compound words, the meaning of words in their individual lexical categories as well as the meaning of words in their compounded state. It was discovered that some compound words in Efik could be literally realized or figuratively realized when undergoing the word formation process of compounding. It was also discovered that lexical categories resulting from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, adjective compound and reduplication in the case of adverb. Most of the times, coined Efik counterparts of words are formed mostly by compounding and analogy. The use of English equivalents for compound words by the Efik-English bilinguals in their code-mixing utterance counts as an appropriate statement or reply. Sometimes, just as word compounding is in English, so it is Efik

ENGLISH SUFFIXATION

Suffixes constitute an essential matter within the area of morphology. It is hypothesized that EFL students at the undereducated level suffer from the incorrect use of suffixes due to certain factors, among them, is the difference between their language and English as foreign language, it is the seriousness of this problem that has motivated the researchers to choose suffixes as a subject matter.
 This work aims at
 
 Identifying suffixes and types of suffixes that helps contribute to the process of forming sentence structure.
 Investigating the role of suffixation to the process of word formation.
 Enabling the researchers how to deal with this matter in the teaching field.
 
 This paper is divided into four major sections each section is supported by some illustrative examples. Section one is concerned with identifying the characteristic features of suffixes. Section two and three deal with the types of suffixes inflectional and derivational, respectively. Furthermore, it defines the notion of suffixation. Section four illustrates the rules of spelling and the changes that happen after adding a suffix to the end of the word.
 The paper ends by a concluding section summarizing the finding of the work end a separate section including the references used in this paper.

PRAGMATIC DEVIATIONS IN TRANSLATION OF LEXICAL BLENDS WITHIN POLITICAL DISCOURSE

The research touches upon the innovations in the English word formation processes, i.e., the role of analogy and intralingual borrowings as significant sources and ways of replenishing English vocabulary, interfering entirely with all the languages in the world and greatly influencing their development. Nominative units consisting of two or more words with a contraction of at least one of them at the place of a junction, i.e., blends, are an integral feature of the English language in general and modern English socio-political discourse in particular. Blending has been growing recently among the most productive means of word formation. Blends are needed to denote new concepts and phenomena and are often used to manifest the author’s word-formation skills; they become popular due to their expressiveness and novelty of form and content. The goal of the article is to study the functional features of blends as a means of strengthening the pragmatic component of the socio-political discourse, as well as the strategy and techniques of their translation. The general and special methods were used to achieve the goal and objectives of the study: information retrieval method – to select research material and process basic theoretical knowledge; generalization method – to highlight the most critical academic positions; deduction and induction – to clarify the theoretical foundations, generalize data and formulate conclusions; discourse analysis – to identify specific communicative and pragmatic features of socio-political communication; contextual and functional methods – to actualize the linguopragmatic meaning of the lexical units under the study, i.e., blends; the vocabulary definitions analysis – to examine their linguopragmatic peculiarities; structuralsemantic and component analysis – to determine the ways of blend formation and their main structural elements – all this is necessary for the implementation of translation analysis. The use of pragmalinguistic elements (blends, in our case) involves investigating relationships between language units and the conditions of the communicative-pragmatic space, tracing the relationship between the addressee’s intentional component and the choice of language means when translating the studied units within the socio-political discourse into another language. Conclusions. Regarding the focus of socio-political discourse on speech influence, the conveying of blend stylistics and the transfer of speech realia that form the basis of the blend implication and strengthen the socio-pragmatics of the given text cause difficulties in comprehending the English original and translation variants. The study of the translation aspect of blends within socio-political discourse revealed a lot of challenges, such as the need for a unique means for conveying blend semantics in the translation language, the complex nature of blend explication, and the problem of their interpretation. Among the translation techniques that are most effective in overcoming the outlined translation difficulties of socio-political blends, such ones should be mentioned first: transcription, transliteration, tracing, and creating an analogical model. The descriptive translation method is considered inappropriate when translating political blends (under research) because such a technique does not allow conveying pragmatics of blends and implement them in the translation language as expressive lexical and stylistic units that are components of speech influence on the addressee, and the society as a whole. The principles of the techniques studied in the article can be used for further research as being universal for translating English blends in inflectional languages (Ukrainian including), where such a phenomenon is non-typical. The process of blending hypothetically proves the activation of the redistribution of components within the different language structures and systems and their ability to self-reorganize.

Italian Agri-Food Products Abroad: Word Formation Processes on Instagram

The present study focuses on the identification and categorization of some cases of lexical adaptation and innovation, i.e., compounds, acronyms and borrowings, in the American Instagram accounts of nine agri-food Italian companies selling their products worldwide. The aim of the analysis is to investigate how and to what extent word formation processes in advertising discourse contribute to enhancing Italian products abroad and to promoting the ‘made in Italy’ concept. Examples of adapted and new terms gathered from the Instagram profile pages will be presented and examined within the promotional framework. Their presence will be then contextualised outside the American photo and video sharing social networking service to hypothesise their future lexicalisation.

Analyzing the Word Formation of Slang Vocabulary Employed by Fathia Izzati on YouTube

Slang is a form of language, expressions, or specialized language usage commonly found in informal conversations, particularly within specific groups. Fathia Izzati, known as "kittendust," is a YouTube content creator with 695,000 subscribers. In her YouTube account, Fathia uploads videos related to English language learning terms in daily life, often incorporating slang words. This research aims to comprehend the meanings and processes of word formation in slang used by Fathia Izzati in her videos. The research methodology is descriptive qualitative, referencing George Yule's (2010) theories on slang word formation processes. Data were obtained from 15 videos uploaded by Fathia Izzati between November 2021 and December 2022. The findings reveal that out of Yule's ten slang and word formation theories, only five are reflected in the analyzed videos. Blending emerges as the most common method for creating new words, constituting 39.24% of all new terms. Other prevalent methods include doubling (34.18%) and halving (18.99%). Clipping accounts for 5.06%, while acronyms are the least common, comprising only 2.53%. This research provides insights into the use of slang by Fathia Izzati within the context of English language learning on YouTube.

Lexical Shortening and Blending: An Innovative Word Formation Process in Arabic

A corpus of 170 partial Arabic blends in which the first and/or second constituents are shortened was collected from several Arabic resources and subjected to further analysis to explore the structure of Arabic partial blends; blend types (attributive/headed); which constituents and which part is shortened; the kind of relation that exists between the constituents of Arabic blends; and the contexts or registers which favour the formation of lexical blends. Blends consist of two or more words merged into one new word. Blending involves shortening of one constituent or both. It involves creating new words by omitting part of the original word but retaining its original meaning. Partial blends consist of a splinter, i.e. shortened constituent (تركو Turko; انجلو Ango, افرو Afro, قطر Qatar, ايبرو Iberian, أورو Euro,يهو Jewish, أحيو biology, القرو-وسطي , أمنو security, سع Saudi, جمهو republic) and a head (full constituent) that combines with it. Data analysis showed the following: (i) compounds with multiple blends with different splinters from the same lexical items (فَحْم السكر carbon+sugar > فَحْمَس ،فَسْكَر ،فَحْسك ، فَحْكَر); (ii) blends with a final reduction in the first constituent كهرمغنيطيسي) electromagnetic(; (iii) blends with a splinter as a first constituent+the combining vowel /o/ (تركوخليجي Turkish+Gulf; هندو إيراني Indo-Iranian); (iv) three-and four-constituent blends (الأنجلو-صهيو-فارسي-أمريكي Anglo+Zio+ Persian+American); (v) Blends with prefixes that are shortened particles/adverbs (قبتاريخ pre-historic; بيسطري interlinear; فوبنفسجي ultraviolet; غِبُّلوغ post puberty; تحبحري undersea); (vi) blends with initial reduction in the second constituent resulting in the suffix {el} (امريكائيل) America+el last syllable in Israel); (vii) splinters with initial reduction in the second constituent (بيروتشيما Beirut +Hiroshima; عبقريشتاين (genius+Einstein); (viii) imperfect blends with final reduction of first constituent + initial reduction of second constituent (متشائل pessimist+optimist; جزائسطينية Algeria+Palestinian); (ix) technical blends (برمجاني freeware; حَمْضَلون acid+vinegar); and (ix) blends with overlapping consonants (أنفمي nose+mouth; عربيزي Arabic+English; قببلوغ (قبل+بلوغ) pre-puberty; سوداناس Sudan people). Syntactically and semantically, the relation between constituents of a blend containing a prefix/suffix is exocentric and syntagmatic but it is endocentric and paradigmatic in blends in most of the categories. Recommendations for testing the Arabic blend recognition, comprehension and interpretation by translation students are given.